This digital document is an article from Journal of Studies on Alcohol, published by Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc. on November 1, 2003. The length of the article is 5206 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.From the author: Objective: Past research has not fully explained why black youth are less likely than white youth to use alcohol and other substances. One plausible yet underexamined explanation is the "religion hypothesis," which posits that black youth are more likely than white youth to abstain because they are more religious than white youth. The present study tested this hypothesis empirically. Method: The study examined data from large, nationally representative samples of white and black 10th graders from the Monitoring the Future project. Results: Relative to white students, black students are more likely to abstain from alcohol cigarettes and marijuana and are more highly religious. Consistent with the "religiosity hypothesis," race differences in abstinence are substantially reduced when race differences in religiosity are controlled. Unexpectedly, however, highly religious white youth are more likely than highly religious black youth to abstain from alcohol and marijuana use. Conclusions: Although religion is an important protective factor against alcohol and other substance use for both white and black adolescents, it appears to impact white youth at an individual level, whereas for black youth the influence of religion seems greatest at the group level. Future research should seek to better understand the mechanisms through which religion promotes adolescents' abstinence from the use of drugs and should seek to explain why the magnitude of its effect varies for black and white adolescents.Citation DetailsTitle: The influence of race and religion on abstinence from alcohol, cigarettes and marijuana among adolescents *.Author: John M., Jr. WallacePublication: Journal of Studies on Alcohol (Refereed)Date: November 1, 2003Publisher: Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc.Volume: 64 Issue: 6 Page: 843(6)Distributed by Thomson Gale
This digital document is an article from The Register-Guard (Eugene, OR), published by The Register Guard on September 17, 2002. The length of the article is 626 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.Citation DetailsTitle: Voters have say on cigarette tax, new school fund.(Politics)(State budget: There's still time to stick ballots in drop boxes for today's election.)Publication: The Register-Guard (Eugene, OR) (Newspaper)Date: September 17, 2002Publisher: The Register Guard Page: D1Distributed by Thomson Gale
This study covers the latent demand outlook for little cigarette-size cigars weighing less than 3 pounds per 1,000 cigars across the prefectures and cities of Japan. Latent demand (in millions of U.S. dollars), or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) estimates are given across some 1,000 cities in Japan. For each city in question, the percent share the city is of it’s prefecture and of Japan is reported. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city vis-à-vis others. This statistical approach can prove very useful to distribution and/or sales force strategies. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each prefecture and city, latent demand estimates are created for little cigarette-size cigars weighing less than 3 pounds per 1,000 cigars. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.
On the demand side, exporters and strategic planners focusing on cigarettes in Taiwan face a number of questions. Which countries are supplying cigarettes to Taiwan? How important is Taiwan compared to others in terms of the entire global and regional market? How much do the imports of cigarettes vary from one country of origin to another in Taiwan? On the supply side, Taiwan also exports cigarettes. Which countries receive the most exports from Taiwan? How are these exports concentrated across buyers? What is the value of these exports and which countries are the largest buyers? This report was created for strategic planners, international marketing executives and import/export managers who are concerned with the market for cigarettes in Taiwan. With the globalization of this market, managers can no longer be contented with a local view. Nor can managers be contented with out-of-date statistics which appear several years after the fact. I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for cigarettes for those countries serving Taiwan via exports, or supplying from Taiwan via imports. It does so for the current year based on a variety of key historical indicators and econometric models. In what follows, Chapter 2 begins by summarizing where Taiwan fits into the world market for imported and exported cigarettes. The total level of imports and exports on a worldwide basis, and those for Taiwan in particular, is estimated using a model which aggregates across over 150 key country markets and projects these to the current year. From there, each country represents a percent of the world market. This market is served from a number of competitive countries of origin. Based on both demand- and supply-side dynamics, market shares by country of origin are then calculated across each country market destination. These shares lead to a volume of import and export values for each country and are aggregated to regional and world totals. In doing so, we are able to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of both the value of each market and the share that Taiwan is likely to receive this year. From these figures, rankings are calculated to allow managers to prioritize Taiwan compared to other major country markets. In this way, all the figures provided in this report are forecasts that can be combined with internal information sources for strategic planning purposes.
This digital document is an article from State Legislatures, published by National Conference of State Legislatures on July 1, 2001. The length of the article is 717 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.Citation DetailsTitle: AN OPEN LETTER TO STATE LEGISLATORS ON THE FEDERAL REGULATION OF CIGARETTES.(Brief Article)Publication: State Legislatures (Magazine/Journal)Date: July 1, 2001Publisher: National Conference of State LegislaturesVolume: 27 Issue: 7 Page: 10Article Type: Brief ArticleDistributed by Thomson Gale
On the demand side, exporters and strategic planners focusing on cigarettes in Indonesia face a number of questions. Which countries are supplying cigarettes to Indonesia? How important is Indonesia compared to others in terms of the entire global and regional market? How much do the imports of cigarettes vary from one country of origin to another in Indonesia? On the supply side, Indonesia also exports cigarettes. Which countries receive the most exports from Indonesia? How are these exports concentrated across buyers? What is the value of these exports and which countries are the largest buyers? This report was created for strategic planners, international marketing executives and import/export managers who are concerned with the market for cigarettes in Indonesia. With the globalization of this market, managers can no longer be contented with a local view. Nor can managers be contented with out-of-date statistics which appear several years after the fact. I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for cigarettes for those countries serving Indonesia via exports, or supplying from Indonesia via imports. It does so for the current year based on a variety of key historical indicators and econometric models. In what follows, Chapter 2 begins by summarizing where Indonesia fits into the world market for imported and exported cigarettes. The total level of imports and exports on a worldwide basis, and those for Indonesia in particular, is estimated using a model which aggregates across over 150 key country markets and projects these to the current year. From there, each country represents a percent of the world market. This market is served from a number of competitive countries of origin. Based on both demand- and supply-side dynamics, market shares by country of origin are then calculated across each country market destination. These shares lead to a volume of import and export values for each country and are aggregated to regional and world totals. In doing so, we are able to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of both the value of each market and the share that Indonesia is likely to receive this year. From these figures, rankings are calculated to allow managers to prioritize Indonesia compared to other major country markets. In this way, all the figures provided in this report are forecasts that can be combined with internal information sources for strategic planning purposes.
This report was created for global strategic planners who cannot be content with traditional methods of segmenting world markets. With the advent of a “borderless world”, cities become a more important criteria in prioritizing markets, as opposed to regions, continents, or countries. This report covers the top 2000 cities in over 200 countries. It does so by reporting the estimated market size (in terms of latent demand) for each major city of the world. It then ranks these cities and reports them in terms of their size as a percent of the country where they are located, their geographic region (e.g. Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, Latin America), and the total world market. In performing various economic analyses for its clients, I have been occasionally asked to investigate the market potential for various products and services across cities. The purpose of the studies is to understand the density of demand within a country and the extent to which a city might be used as a point of distribution within its region. From an economic perspective, however, a city does not represent a population within rigid geographical boundaries. To an economist or strategic planner, a city represents an area of dominant influence over markets in adjacent areas. This influence varies from one industry to another, but also from one period of time to another. In what follows, I summarize the economic potential for the world's major cities for "filter-tip tobacco and non-tobacco cigarettes" for the year 2007. The goal of this report is to report my findings on the real economic potential, or what an economist calls the latent demand, represented by a city when defined as an area of dominant influence. The reader needs to realize that latent demand may or may not represent real sales. For many items, latent demand is clearly observable in sales, as in the case for food or housing items. Consider, however, the category "satellite launch vehicles". Clearly, there are no launch pads in most cities of the world. However, the core benefit of the vehicles (e.g. telecommunications, etc.) is "consumed" by residents or industries within the world's cities. Without certain cities, in other words, the market for satellite launch vehicles would be lower for the world in general. One needs to allocate, therefore, a portion of the worldwide economic demand for launch vehicles to both regions and cities. This report takes the broader definition and considers, therefore, a city as a part of the global market.
Les achats comprennent une adhésion à l'essai gratuite au club de livres de l'éditeur, dans lequel vous pouvez choisir parmi plus d'un million d'ouvrages, sans frais. Le livre consiste d'articles Wikipedia sur : Tabagisme Passif, Liste D'additifs Dans Les Cigarettes, Journée Mondiale Sans Tabac, Comité National Contre le Tabagisme, Droits Des Non-Fumeurs, Tabac et Grossesse, Paquet Année, Tabacologie. Non illustré. Mises à jour gratuites en ligne. Extrait : Le tabagisme passif résulte de l'inhalation involontaire de la fumée dégagée par la combustion de cigarettes ou cigares (courant secondaire; dans le cendrier par exemple), ou rejetée par un ou plusieurs fumeurs (courant tertiaire). La fumée de tabac ambiante (FTA) respirée par une personne exposée au tabagisme passif est un mélange de fumée du courant secondaire (environ 80%) et de fumée du courant tertiaire. La fumée du tabac contient 4 000 substances chimiques différentes, dont 60 substances cancérigènes. Elle est dangereuse pour le fumeur et pour son entourage. La fumée du tabac respirée directement par le fumeur (courant primaire), si elle contient approximativement la même concentration de nicotine, a une composition très différente : Le tabagisme passif a tendance à augmenter différentes pathologies existantes chez les adultes et chez les enfants, et à créer des cancers (cancer du poumon, cancer oto-rhino-laryngologiques), asthmes, infections, etc. En 1997, un rapport de L'Académie de Médecine a estimé à 3 000 le nombre de non-fumeurs tués par le tabagisme passif par an en France. Selon une étude plus récente du professeur Konrad Jamrozik pour la « European Respiratory Society », menée à l'échelle de l'Union européenne, le tabagisme passif en France aurait suscité 5863 morts prématurées, dont 1114 non fumeurs ou ex-fumeurs : 289 sur leur lieu de travail, dont 25 dans les « lieux de convivialité » (bars, restaurants et discothèques), et 5574 à leur domicile. Cette étud...http://booksllc.net/?l=fr
This study covers the latent demand outlook for filter-tip tobacco and non-tobacco cigarettes at least 100 millimeters across the states, union territories and cities of India. Latent demand (in millions of U.S. dollars), or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) estimates are given across some 5,000 cities in India. For each city in question, the percent share the city is of it’s state or union territory and of India as a whole is reported. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city vis-à-vis others. This statistical approach can prove very useful to distribution and/or sales force strategies. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each state or union territory and city, latent demand estimates are created for filter-tip tobacco and non-tobacco cigarettes at least 100 millimeters. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.
This report was created for global strategic planners who cannot be content with traditional methods of segmenting world markets. With the advent of a “borderless world”, cities become a more important criteria in prioritizing markets, as opposed to regions, continents, or countries. This report covers the top 2000 cities in over 200 countries. It does so by reporting the estimated market size (in terms of latent demand) for each major city of the world. It then ranks these cities and reports them in terms of their size as a percent of the country where they are located, their geographic region (e.g. Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, Latin America), and the total world market. In performing various economic analyses for its clients, I have been occasionally asked to investigate the market potential for various products and services across cities. The purpose of the studies is to understand the density of demand within a country and the extent to which a city might be used as a point of distribution within its region. From an economic perspective, however, a city does not represent a population within rigid geographical boundaries. To an economist or strategic planner, a city represents an area of dominant influence over markets in adjacent areas. This influence varies from one industry to another, but also from one period of time to another. In what follows, I summarize the economic potential for the world's major cities for "wood jewelry boxes, silverware chests, instrument cases, cigar and cigarette boxes, microscope cases, tool or utility cases, and similar boxes, cases, and chests" for the year 2007. The goal of this report is to report my findings on the real economic potential, or what an economist calls the latent demand, represented by a city when defined as an area of dominant influence. The reader needs to realize that latent demand may or may not represent real sales. For many items, latent demand is clearly observable in sales, as in the case for food or housing items. Consider, however, the category "satellite launch vehicles". Clearly, there are no launch pads in most cities of the world. However, the core benefit of the vehicles (e.g. telecommunications, etc.) is "consumed" by residents or industries within the world's cities. Without certain cities, in other words, the market for satellite launch vehicles would be lower for the world in general. One needs to allocate, therefore, a portion of the worldwide economic demand for launch vehicles to both regions and cities. This report takes the broader definition and considers, therefore, a city as a part of the global market.
