This digital document is an article from Human Biology, published by Wayne State University Press on April 1, 2004. The length of the article is 3170 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.From the author: KEY WORDS: ACP1, HP, SMOKING, HAPTOGLOBIN DEVELOPMENT, NEWBORNSCitation DetailsTitle: Maternal cigarette smoking, metabolic enzyme polymorphism, and developmental events in the early stages of extrauterine life.Author: N. BottiniPublication: Human Biology (Refereed)Date: April 1, 2004Publisher: Wayne State University PressVolume: 76 Issue: 2 Page: 289(9)Distributed by Thomson Gale
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This econometric study covers the latent demand outlook for filter-tip tobacco and non-tobacco cigarettes at least 100 millimeters across the states and cities of the United States. Latent demand (in millions of U.S. dollars), or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) estimates are given across some 13,000 cities in the United States. For each city in question, the percent share the city is of it's state and of the United States is reported. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city vis-a-vis others. This statistical approach can prove very useful to distribution and/or sales force strategies. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each state and city, latent demand estimates are created for filter-tip tobacco and non-tobacco cigarettes at least 100 millimeters. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.
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This study covers the latent demand outlook for tobacco and non-tobacco cigarettes across the regions of Greater China, including provinces, autonomous regions (Guangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Xizang - Tibet), municipalities (Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, and Tianjin), special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and Taiwan (all hereafter referred to as “regions”). Latent demand (in millions of U.S. dollars), or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) estimates are given across some 1,100 cities in Greater China. For each major city in question, the percent share the city is of the region and of Greater China is reported. Each major city is defined as an area of “economic population”, as opposed to the demographic population within a legal geographic boundary. For many cities, the economic population is much larger that the population within the city limits; this is especially true for the cities of the Western regions. For the coastal regions, cities which are close to other major cities or which represent, by themselves, a high percent of the regional population, actual city-level population is closer to the economic population (e.g. in Beijing). Based on this “economic” definition of population, comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city’s marketing and distribution value vis-à-vis others. This exercise is quite useful for persons setting up distribution centers or sales force strategies. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each region and city of influence, latent demand estimates are created for tobacco and non-tobacco cigarettes. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.
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On the demand side, exporters and strategic planners focusing on cigarettes in Luxembourg face a number of questions. Which countries are supplying cigarettes to Luxembourg? How important is Luxembourg compared to others in terms of the entire global and regional market? How much do the imports of cigarettes vary from one country of origin to another in Luxembourg? On the supply side, Luxembourg also exports cigarettes. Which countries receive the most exports from Luxembourg? How are these exports concentrated across buyers? What is the value of these exports and which countries are the largest buyers? This report was created for strategic planners, international marketing executives and import/export managers who are concerned with the market for cigarettes in Luxembourg. With the globalization of this market, managers can no longer be contented with a local view. Nor can managers be contented with out-of-date statistics which appear several years after the fact. I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for cigarettes for those countries serving Luxembourg via exports, or supplying from Luxembourg via imports. It does so for the current year based on a variety of key historical indicators and econometric models. In what follows, Chapter 2 begins by summarizing where Luxembourg fits into the world market for imported and exported cigarettes. The total level of imports and exports on a worldwide basis, and those for Luxembourg in particular, is estimated using a model which aggregates across over 150 key country markets and projects these to the current year. From there, each country represents a percent of the world market. This market is served from a number of competitive countries of origin. Based on both demand- and supply-side dynamics, market shares by country of origin are then calculated across each country market destination. These shares lead to a volume of import and export values for each country and are aggregated to regional and world totals. In doing so, we are able to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of both the value of each market and the share that Luxembourg is likely to receive this year. From these figures, rankings are calculated to allow managers to prioritize Luxembourg compared to other major country markets. In this way, all the figures provided in this report are forecasts that can be combined with internal information sources for strategic planning purposes.
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This study covers the latent demand outlook for filter-tip tobacco and non-tobacco cigarettes across the states, union territories and cities of India. Latent demand (in millions of U.S. dollars), or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) estimates are given across some 5,000 cities in India. For each city in question, the percent share the city is of it’s state or union territory and of India as a whole is reported. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city vis-à-vis others. This statistical approach can prove very useful to distribution and/or sales force strategies. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each state or union territory and city, latent demand estimates are created for filter-tip tobacco and non-tobacco cigarettes. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.
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This digital document is a journal article from Addictive Behaviors, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.Description: This study investigated the association among cigarette smoking, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and ambulatory cardiovascular and mood monitoring in 117 male Vietnam combat veterans (61 with PTSD and 56 without PTSD). Positive smoking status was associated with higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR), as well as greater diastolic blood pressure (DBP) variability. Compared to individuals without PTSD, PTSD patients had higher HR, anger/hostility ratings, and depression/anxiety ratings. Significant diagnosis by smoking status interactions were found indicating that compared to nonsmokers with PTSD, smokers with PTSD had higher DBP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and positive affect. Ad lib cigarette smoking during the previous 30 min did not have a significant effect on mood or cardiovascular parameters, except in non-PTSD smokers who reported lower depression/anxiety ratings after smoking. Findings suggest that the effect of smoking on cardiovascular parameters may be amplified in smokers in PTSD. Findings suggest that the interrelationships among cardiovascular parameters, cigarette smoking, and PTSD deserve more research attention.
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Many health professionals have found clinical hypnosis to be an effective technique for patients with habit control problems. An adjunctive tool is teaching patients with compulsive patterns to do self-hypnosis. This tape illustrates the use of hypnotic techniques for patients who smoke. It provides the professionals with the opportunity to listen to and experience these communication patterns. Subsequently, the tape may be analyzed, using the study guide and bibliography.
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